Engineering schools and universities have to anticipate the evolution of the scientific field in order to adapt their training and design new curricula to form graduates and post graduates to the newest technologies. They create new competencies for students and scientists to innovate. It could take two forms: either a specialization in nanotechnology at the end of training in a field or the creation of a branch in nanotechnology with its own community.

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Mangematin V. and Lounsbury M., Trajectories of technology emergence: from convergent technologies to distributed legitimacy. AOM session